Factors Contributing to Work Fatigue Among Construction Workers

The construction sector is one of the work sectors with a high level of risk of danger. The activities carried out by construction workers can cause errors and work accidents which are influenced by fatigue. This research aims to understand the factors related to work fatigue in construction workers in the Drinking Water Management System Project. The research method used was an explanatory study with a cross-sectional design, with a total sample of 30 people taken using a total sampling technique. Primary data was collected by distributing standard questionnaires, namely the Subjective Self Rating Test and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) 42. Data were analyzed univariately using the frequency distribution test, bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test


I. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry is one of the most hazardous employment sectors.This is due to its interdisciplinary nature, the vast number of workers, restricted working duration, high work intensity, and different work equipment. 1orkplaces must prioritize workplace safety and health.Efforts must be made to decrease and avoid the incidence of workplace accidents and occupational illnesses that harm employees.1 Fatigue is one of the leading causes of workplace mistakes and accidents. 2,3The World Health Organization has officially characterized occupational fatigue as a concern. 4Work-related PUSLITBANG Sinergis Asa Professional, Jember fatigue is officially classified as a work-related illness. 5,6n 2016, 1.9 million individuals died from work-related diseases and injuries worldwide. 7According to the International Labor Organization, over 340 million work accidents occur yearly, and 160 million people suffer from job-related disorders. 8Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) Ketenagakerjaan recorded that the number of work accidents in Indonesia was 265,334 cases in 2022.This number increased by 13.26% from the previous year which amounted to 234,270 cases. 9In terms of occupational illnesses, there were 53 reported in 2020.From January to September 2021, there were 179 incidents of work-related illnesses. 10In D.I Yogyakarta Province in 2020, there were 131 incidents of work accidents and 0 occurrences of occupational sickness. 11atigue is a sub-health state linked with persistent stress, limited resources, low skill, and a chronic lack of energy and enthusiasm for work.This disorder is characterized by emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and a lack of personal fulfillment. 12,13Fatigue causes physical work fatigue, such as feeling weary and having physical tension symptoms (headaches, nausea, loss of sleep, and changes in eating patterns).Fatigue may also cause emotional fatigue by causing boredom or indifference, a loss of influence and pessimism, cynicism and hostility, depression-like emotions (sad faces, slumped postures), worry, irritation, and melancholy. 14nternal and environmental variables impact work fatigue.Age, gender, dietary status, exercise habits, and health issues are all internal influences.Job environment, work experience, workload, and length of service are examples of external influences. 15,16According to prior studies, work fatigue is impacted by various factors, including working hours, work shifts, 17 job stress, degree of education, work experience, 18 age, and nutritional status. 19he Yogyakarta Drinking Water Supply System Management Improvement Agency oversees the Drinking Water Management System (DWMS) project.Although this development activity in the construction industry has been ongoing for only a few months, workers are still adapting to the work environment, equipment, and other relevant factors.Examples of activities that may induce work fatigue and contribute to workplace accidents include hot working conditions and intense physical exercise.
This research provides updated insights into the construction of drinking water management project systems, encompassing research locations.Additionally, it involves the measurement of general stress levels using the DASS 42 questionnaire, with variables grouped based on references.Data processing involves statistical analysis using data processing applications, complemented by visualization applications.
The outcomes of this research have the potential to make valuable contributions to the construction sector, specifically within the field of drinking water management systems.Consequently, this study aims to identify elements contributing to work fatigue among construction workers.

II. METHOD
This study employed explanatory research with a cross-sectional design to evaluate the factors associated with work fatigue in construction workers. 20In April 2023, the research was conducted at the Drinking Water Management System (DWMS) Project in Yogyakarta Province.Thirty employees worked on the Water Treatment Installation project.The study included 30 participants as samples, employing total sampling as the sampling strategy.
Researchers collected primary data by distributing questionnaires.The independent factors are age, education, length of employment, nutritional status, and stress levels.In research, the dependent variable is work fatigue.
This study used a standard questionnaire, the Subjective Self Rating Test for work fatigue with 30 questions, 21 and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) 42 are utilized to measure the level of stress.This questionnaire comprises three sections, namely depression, anxiety, and stress.In this research, emphasis is placed on the stress questionnaire, which consists of 14 questions (Numbers 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18, 22, 27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 39) with a response range of 0-3, 22 no validity or reliability tests were performed.
The age questionnaire includes questions on workers' ages, divided into three categories: 15-24 years, 25-54 years, and 55-64 years 23 , then simplified into 2 categories, namely productive and less productive.The education questionnaire asks employees about their most recent level of education, which is divided into four categories: less than basic (not attending school), basic (elementary school and junior high school), intermediate (high school), and advanced (further education) 24 , then simplified into 2 categories, namely low (no school-junior high school) and high (high school-university).The work experience questionnaire includes questions on the work experience or years of service of a construction worker, classified as one year, 1-5 years, 6-10 years, and > ten years 25 , then simplified into 2 categories, namely ≥ 10 years and >10 years.
The nutritional status questionnaire, which contains questions about the last worker's weight and height, is measured and confirmed by direct measurement with digital scales and measuring tape or meter, which is then calculated by the worker's Body Mass Index (BMI), with the BMI category following WHO standards, namely Underweight (18.5),Normal (18.5-24.9),Overweight (25-29.9),Obes Class 1 (30-34.9),Obes Class II (35-39) 6 , then simplified into 2 categories, namely normal and abnormal.The Frequency Distribution test determines the distribution per variable, whereas the Chi-Square test or Fisher's exact test is used in bivariate analysis so that the study variables are separated into two groups.To ensure its validity, the chisquare test requires precise parameters.It is critical for a 2x2 tabulation that there are no predicted counts fewer than 5. Furthermore, each study subject should only be used for analysis once.The Yates Correction (Continuity Correction) is used when the 2x2 tabulation meets the chi-square conditions. 26f these requirements are not met, an alternate test, known as Fisher's exact test, is applied. 26In the course of this study, the Fisher exact test was employed due to non-compliance of the data processing results with the requirements of the chi-square test.The Tableau Public 2022 program is used for data visualization.Table 1 shows that the majority of respondents were aged 25-54 years, with an average age of 41 years, with a Basic education level (1.37) namely SD-SMP, normal nutritional status at an average BMI of 22.07, work experience with an average of 14 years old, normal stress level with an average score of 11.13, and mild work fatigue with an average score of 52.10.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In the next data processing stage, the information will be consolidated into two categories.This simplification aims to simplify analysis using the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test, in accordance with the requirements PUSLITBANG Sinergis Asa Professional, Jember described in the research method.In accordance with the results of data processing, the test that will be used is the Fisher exact test.The results of data processing can be seen in tables 2 and 3.
According to Figures 1 and 2, the average construction worker had a light level of job stress at a productive age, more than ten years of work experience, normal nutritional status or BMI, and a mild work fatigue level of 8 persons, or 26.67%.Tabel 2 displays that the average age of productive workers is 73.3%, with the minimum age being 19 years and the maximum age reaching 69 years.The average educational level falls into the low category (no schooling to firstlevel secondary education) at 70%.The average work experience exceeds 10 years, accounting for 63.3%, with the minimum work experience being 1 month and the maximum reaching 40 years.On average, workers have a normal nutritional status, amounting to 70%, with the minimum BMI being 15.2 and the maximum BMI being 29.4%.In terms of stress levels dan work fatigue, it is observed that the average worker experiences mild stress, accounting for 22%, and 63.3% of workers experience mild fatigue.Table 3 shows the findings of the bivariate analysis.BMI (nutritional status) and stress levels were shown to be associated with work fatigue in construction workers.Younger workers report higher job stress and work-family conflict levels than older workers. 27As employees age, new work-family PUSLITBANG Sinergis Asa Professional, Jember conflict occurs, such as caring for elderly relatives, related to fatigue.Fatigue symptoms varied greatly depending on the life phases of working men and women, with younger men and women aged 20-35 and 55 years and older being more sensitive. 28This study is comparable to that of Hiestand et al., who found no link between age and the occurrence of work fatigue. 29The findings of Triana et al. vary in that there is a link between age and work fatigue with a p-value of 0.009. 30This finding differs from the findings of Dall'Ora et al., who discovered that workers who are young and have significant work-life issues had a greater prevalence of fatigue. 31he results of this study have no association between education level and fatigue in construction workers.The amount of education influences construction workers' perceptions of occupational health hazards and directly affects coping behavior. 32The amount of education is associated with the prevalence of work-related stress, and stress can produce fatigue, one of which is caused by role overload. 33,34Higher levels of education may result in increased employment expectations and responsibilities, increasing the risk of fatigue. 35Workers with a greater degree of education may have higher job expectations and may invest more in their employment, which can contribute to increased stress and fatigue. 36Other study indicates that workers with a higher education degree may have better abilities and resources to deal with workplace stress, lowering the likelihood of work fatigue. 36,37According to Obeid et al., education level was not connected to emotional and physical work fatigue with a p-value greater than 0.05. 38Sun et al.'s study yielded different results, which found a link between education level and work fatigue. 39n this study, the work experience had no significant link with work fatigue among construction workers.However, experience may shield older workers against the risk of accidents associated with the job's high work speed and physical demands. 40Furthermore, work experience might influence a construction practitioner's career, resulting in varied work content and duties. 41Fatigue is connected with increased job demands regarding psychological well-being and work effort. 42Professionalization can help construction workers avoid work fatigue by providing them with identity, autonomy, and competence.Construction worker with more excellent experience may be more inclined to accept more job demands and duties, which can raise their workload and stress levels and contribute to fatigue. 43Work experience can increase workload, leading to increased stress and fatigue.Work experience can also contribute to a reduced workload, affecting employee job satisfaction. 44This study contradicts Zhang et al.'s claim that job experience is connected to work fatigue. 45However, according to the research of Ruiz-Fernández et al., there is a link between work experience and work fatigue. 46n this study, nutritional status was not related to work fatigue among construction workers.One of the causes of fatigue has been identified as inadequate nutrition.Food consumption and body composition changes appear to alter work fatigue perception, presumably through inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction processes. 47BMI is one variable that impacts work fatigue, with a greater BMI associated with more fatigue. 48orkers with an aberrant nutritional state, such as underweight, may feel job fatigue.A study of construction workers discovered that workers who are tired at work are more likely to have irregular nutritional conditions. 49Obesity and a high physical workload are linked to poor job performance and have a synergistic, negative effect. 49It was discovered in Yamin et al.'s study that dietary status or body mass index did not influence the occurrence of work fatigue. 50This study contradicted the findings of Załuski and Makara-Studzińska, who discovered a link between BMI and work fatigue. 51ccording to this study, stress levels have a meaningful association with work fatigue.Construction workers suffer from high levels of work fatigue because they labor in physically and intellectually demanding conditions. 52onstruction workers are under continual and intense job pressure, which can lead to fatigue.Work fatigue frequently results in unpleasant feelings such as despair, discouragement, and low job satisfaction. 53Emotional tension can cause construction workers to lose focus and disregard proper practice. 54In this study, the amount of stress has a substantial link with work fatigue in construction workers.Workplace stress has long been associated with work fatigue.According to the stress challenge-barrier model (challengehindrance stress model), participation in a stress challenge, such as job obligations, frequently results in beneficial organizational outcomes.While the stress barrier, specifically role overload, hurts organizational outcomes. 55Longterm role overload causes employees to devote more time and energy to work while saving less time and energy to home life, leading to family disputes, impaired rest quality, and worse work fatigue. 34Employees who are fatigue have reduced job satisfaction, psychological health, physical health, and organizational commitment, as well as increased turnover intentions and trouble relaxing after work. 56Job stress directly influences fatigue, and all manifestations of anger indirectly affect the link between job stress and fatigue. 57

IV. CONCLUSION
The bivariate analysis test findings show that BMI and stress levels have a strong link with work fatigue in construction workers.Labor fatigue is unrelated to age, education, work experience, or nutritional health.Work fatigue is impacted by various elements and situations, including sleep time, work shifts, the time spent working in a day, the physical work environment (noise, illumination, and vibration), and interpersonal connections between employees and others.Future research can look into the abovementioned components, making the results of the elements that cause work fatigue more complicated.Project organizers must use appropriate stress management and coping strategies for workers to prevent job fatigue and preserve workers' nutritional condition by supplying meals based on their caloric demands.Increasing the number of study participants is strongly advised because the results will be significantly more varied and significant.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Private funding is being used for this study.The researcher would like to thank the Regional Settlement Infrastructure Center's Head, the DWMS Coordinator, enumerators, and other personnel who assisted in this research.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Count of Work Fatigue broken down by Variable

Table 1 .
Characteristics of Workers

Table 2 .
Characteristics Respondents in Two Categories

Table 3 .
Bivariate Analysis of Factors Contributing to Work Fatigue